Domestikacija kupusa i cistolika nematoda kupusa, Heterodera cruciferae (nematoda: Heteroderidae)

Abstract

Cabbage and other plants from the family Brassicaceae are grown worldwide as important vegetable crops with the estimated annual production near 100 million tonnes. The domestication process of Brassica oleracea has not been fully clarified, therefore focus has been put on linguistic aspects and on its earliest occurrence in ancient literature. As a center of cabbage domestication the Mediterranean i.e. Aegean center was proposed. Since crops are followed by their parasites during centuries, one of the economically important nematode parasites of cabbage is the cyst nematode Heterodera cruciferae. This nematode has the potential to severely damage cabbage, particularly during warm autumn growing seasons. The first record of H. cruciferae from Serbia dates back to the '60-ties. Today after 55 years, a new population of H. cruciferae is found. Based on molecular research its closest relatives are populations from the Netherlands and Italy. The ecological relationships between parasite and host enable to clarify the data about the domestication and distribution of cultivated plants. By other words, the hypotheses of the geographic domestication of cabbage can be shifted to the west from the positioned site.

Kupus i druge biljke familije Brassicaceae predstavljaju značajne povrtarske useve gajene širom sveta sa procenjenom godišnjom proizvodnjom od blizu 100 miliona tona. Kako proces domestikacije vrste Brassica oleracea u svetu nije razjašnjen, odgovor je potražen u lingvistici i fokus stavljen na najraniju pojavu ovog pojma u drevnoj literaturi. Kao centar domestikacije je označen mediteranski odn. egejski region. Pošto useve vekovima prate njihovi paraziti, jedan od značajnih parazita kupusa je cistolika nematoda Heterodera cruciferae. Ova nematoda ima potencijal da nanese značajne štete, posebno u vreme viših jesenjih temperatura. Prva pojava H. cruciferae u Srbiji datira iz 60-tih godina. Danas, posle 55 godina, je pronađena nova populacija ove nematode. Molekularnim istraživanjima je utvrđeno da su njeni najbliži srodnici populacije iz Holandije i Italije. Putem ekoloških odnosa parazita i domaćina mogli bismo da dođemo do podataka o domestikaciji i putevima rasprostiranja kulturnih biljaka. Drugim rečima, hipoteze o geografskoj domestikaciji kupusa mogli bismo da proširimo zapadnije od mesta koje je pozicionirano.