TY  - JOUR
AU  - Einspanier, Severin
AU  - Susanto, Tamara
AU  - Metz, Nicole
AU  - Wolters, Pieter
AU  - Vleeshouwers, Vivianne
AU  - Lankinen, Åsa
AU  - Liljeroth, Erland
AU  - Landschoot, Sofie
AU  - Ivanović, Žarko
AU  - Huckelhoven, Ralph
AU  - Hausladen, Hans
AU  - Stam, Remco
PY  - 2022
UR  - https://plantarum.izbis.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/745
AB  - Early blight of potato is caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria solani and is an increasing problem worldwide. The primary strategy to control the disease is applying fungicides such as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI). SDHI-resistant strains, showing reduced sensitivity to treatments, appeared in Germany in 2013, shortly after the introduction of SDHIs. Two primary mutations in the SDH complex (SdhB-H278Y and SdhC-H134R) have been frequently found throughout Europe. How these resistances arose and spread, and whether they are linked to other genomic features, remains unknown. For this project, we performed whole-genome sequencing for 48 A. solani isolates from potato fields across Europe to better characterize the pathogen's genetic diversity in general and understand the development and spread of the genetic mutations that lead to SDHI resistance. The isolates can be grouped into seven genotypes. These genotypes do not show a geographical pattern but appear spread throughout Europe. We found clear evidence for recombination on the genome, and the observed admixtures might indicate a higher adaptive potential of the fungus than previously thought. Yet, we cannot link the observed recombination events to different Sdh mutations. The same Sdh mutations appear in different, non-admixed genetic backgrounds; therefore, we conclude they arose independently. Our research gives insights into the genetic diversity of A. solani on a genome level. The mixed occurrence of different genotypes, apparent admixture in the populations, and evidence for recombination indicate higher genomic complexity than anticipated. The conclusion that SDHI tolerance arose multiple times independently has important implications for future fungicide resistance management strategies. These should not solely focus on preventing the spread of isolates between locations but also on limiting population size and the selective pressure posed by fungicides in a given field to avoid the rise of new mutations in other genetic backgrounds.
PB  - Wiley
T2  - Evolutionary Applications
T1  - Whole-genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani.
EP  - 1620
IS  - 10
SP  - 1605
VL  - 15
DO  - 10.1111/eva.13350
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Einspanier, Severin and Susanto, Tamara and Metz, Nicole and Wolters, Pieter and Vleeshouwers, Vivianne and Lankinen, Åsa and Liljeroth, Erland and Landschoot, Sofie and Ivanović, Žarko and Huckelhoven, Ralph and Hausladen, Hans and Stam, Remco",
year = "2022",
abstract = "Early blight of potato is caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria solani and is an increasing problem worldwide. The primary strategy to control the disease is applying fungicides such as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI). SDHI-resistant strains, showing reduced sensitivity to treatments, appeared in Germany in 2013, shortly after the introduction of SDHIs. Two primary mutations in the SDH complex (SdhB-H278Y and SdhC-H134R) have been frequently found throughout Europe. How these resistances arose and spread, and whether they are linked to other genomic features, remains unknown. For this project, we performed whole-genome sequencing for 48 A. solani isolates from potato fields across Europe to better characterize the pathogen's genetic diversity in general and understand the development and spread of the genetic mutations that lead to SDHI resistance. The isolates can be grouped into seven genotypes. These genotypes do not show a geographical pattern but appear spread throughout Europe. We found clear evidence for recombination on the genome, and the observed admixtures might indicate a higher adaptive potential of the fungus than previously thought. Yet, we cannot link the observed recombination events to different Sdh mutations. The same Sdh mutations appear in different, non-admixed genetic backgrounds; therefore, we conclude they arose independently. Our research gives insights into the genetic diversity of A. solani on a genome level. The mixed occurrence of different genotypes, apparent admixture in the populations, and evidence for recombination indicate higher genomic complexity than anticipated. The conclusion that SDHI tolerance arose multiple times independently has important implications for future fungicide resistance management strategies. These should not solely focus on preventing the spread of isolates between locations but also on limiting population size and the selective pressure posed by fungicides in a given field to avoid the rise of new mutations in other genetic backgrounds.",
publisher = "Wiley",
journal = "Evolutionary Applications",
title = "Whole-genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani.",
pages = "1620-1605",
number = "10",
volume = "15",
doi = "10.1111/eva.13350"
}

Einspanier, S., Susanto, T., Metz, N., Wolters, P., Vleeshouwers, V., Lankinen, Å., Liljeroth, E., Landschoot, S., Ivanović, Ž., Huckelhoven, R., Hausladen, H.,& Stam, R.. (2022). Whole-genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani.. in Evolutionary Applications
Wiley., 15(10), 1605-1620.
https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13350

Einspanier S, Susanto T, Metz N, Wolters P, Vleeshouwers V, Lankinen Å, Liljeroth E, Landschoot S, Ivanović Ž, Huckelhoven R, Hausladen H, Stam R. Whole-genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani.. in Evolutionary Applications. 2022;15(10):1605-1620.
doi:10.1111/eva.13350 .

Einspanier, Severin, Susanto, Tamara, Metz, Nicole, Wolters, Pieter, Vleeshouwers, Vivianne, Lankinen, Åsa, Liljeroth, Erland, Landschoot, Sofie, Ivanović, Žarko, Huckelhoven, Ralph, Hausladen, Hans, Stam, Remco, "Whole-genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani." in Evolutionary Applications, 15, no. 10 (2022):1605-1620,
https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13350 . .